Blasphemy!

Recently there has been a debate going on in Western Country towards the demise of or reform of blasphemy laws, and these laws are only infrequently enforced where they exist. Such laws still exist in several countries, such as in Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain and United Kingdom. In the United States, the First Amendment guarantees a relatively unlimited right of free speech, although some US states still have blasphemy laws on the books. For example Chapter 272 of the Massachusetts General Laws states,  whoever disobediently blasphemes the holy name of God by denying, cursing or contumeliously reproaching God, his creation, government or final judging of the world, or by cursing or contumeliously reproaching Jesus Christ or the Holy Ghost, or by cursing or contumeliously reproaching or exposing to contempt and ridicule, the holy word of God contained in the holy scriptures shall be punished by imprisonment in jail for not more than one year or by a fine.

The Satanic Verses a  novel by Salman Rushdie was seen by many Muslims to contain blasphemes against Islam, and Iranian clerical leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwah in 1989 calling for Rushdie's death (although strictly this was in response to Rushdie's claimed apostasy, not the novel's supposed blasphemy). The fatwa was not accepted universally by the Muslim Ulema as the way to deal with the problem of Rushdie's book. Some British Muslims called for Rushdie to be tried under English law for blasphemy, but no charges were laid, as the English legal system recognises blasphemy only against the Christian faith. Many take the view that accusations of blasphemy and anti-blasphemy legislation are examples of the special pleading logical fallacy where the chosen religion is extended protection from rational enquiry and ridicule that is not extended to other topics.

Read More:
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Blasphemy

PRACTICE OF LAW

Legal Practice is the form, manner and order of conducting and carrying on suits or prosecutions in the courts through their various stages, according, to the principles of law, and the rules laid down by the respective courts. By practice is also meant the business which an attorney or counsellor does; as, A and  B has a good practice. A settled, uniform, and continued practice, without objection is evidence of what the law is, and such practice is based on principles which are founded in justice and convenience.

TWO TYPES OF LEGAL PRACTISIONERS :

1.      Solicitor

2.      Barrister

In the legal sense, a Solicitor is someone who has undergone legal training and been admitted to the practice of law In  some countries, the legal profession is split into two separate categories: solicitors and barristers. Solicitors handle legal matters outside of court, providing legal advice to clients, preparing legal arguments, and so forth. They are also sometimes admitted to practice in the lower courts. Barristers, on the other hand, actively participate in court, arguing cases before a judge.

Barrister is a member of one of the two classes of lawyer found in many common law jurisdictions with split legal professions. Barristers specialise in courtroom advocacy, drafting legal pleadings and giving expert legal opinions. They can be contrasted with solicitors — the other class of lawyer in split professions — who have more direct access with clients and who are in general office based. Barristers are rarely if ever hired by clients directly but instead are retained (or instructed) by solicitors to act on behalf of clients

The historical difference between the two professions—and the only essential difference in England and Wales today—is that a solicitor is an attorney which means they can act in the place of their client for legal purposes (as in signing contracts) and may conduct litigation on their behalf by making applications to the court, writing letters in litigation to the client's opponent and so on. A barrister is not an attorney and is usually forbidden, either by law or professional rules or both, from "conducting" litigation. This means that while the barrister speaks on the client's behalf in court, he or she can only do so when instructed by a solicitor.

Read more:

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-solicitor.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister

A VIEW ON CONTRACTS

A commercial contract is a type of contract that defines the terms of a commercial transaction. There are several types of commercial contracts. The most common types include firm fixed price contracts, fixed price contracts and time and materials contracts.

A firm fixed price contract, or FFP contract, establishes the cost of a service before the service is rendered, and it does not change if the service costs more than anticipated. A fixed price contract gives the contractor a maximum price and a target price. A time and materials contract determines the cost of services based on fixed wages and materials costs. With this type of contract, labourers are given specific hourly pay rates, and materials are paid for based on their cost with no contractor fee. Of all commercial contracts, the firm fixed price contract gives the contractor the most incentive to perform the service in the most cost-effective way possible. A time and materials contract is the best choice for contracts that involve multiple labourers. If a party in a contract fails to live up to their part of the contract, the justice system steps in to fix the problem. Generally, a court either enforces the contract or asks the offending party to compensate for harm done.

Commercial contracts can be terminated in various ways, they are as follows:

1. Breach of Contract leading to Termination

A breach of contract takes place when a party fails to deliver on their contractual promises by failing to perform their obligations completely. A party may do so by:

1. in the event that the party has not performed, by stating that they do not intend to perform
2. not performing their obligations or
3. where the performance is defective (for instance, poor workmanship)

An anticipatory breach of contract takes place where a party evidences an intention (either expressly or impliedly) that they no longer consider themselves bound by the contract. In such a party the innocent party may elect to affirm the contract and sue for damages for the breach, or accept the repudiation of the contract and terminate the contract.

 2. By Agreement

Contracts may be terminated by agreement where the contract itself provides for the event (for instance upon 3 months' notice); by the parties conduct; or where the parties enter into a separate agreement to terminate the earlier agreement (for example, a compromise agreement where there has been a dispute in respect to the earlier agreement).

 3. Termination by Performance

A contract may also be terminated by performance of the parties' obligations. Discharge of a contract in this way takes place when performance of the contract is complete and exact, with reference to the terms of the contract. However, discharge may also place where the contract is divisible; is capable of being fulfilled by substantial performance; the other party has prevented performance; or where partial performance has been accepted by the other party.

 4. By Frustration

Frustration is a basis upon which parties may be excused from their obligations to perform as a result of events arising after the contract has been entered. Frustration may be the result of the destruction of the subject matter of the contract; government interference, where performance becomes illegal; a particular event which is the sole reason for the contract fails to take place; the commercial purpose of the contract is defeated; or where a party dies.

When a contract is terminated by frustration, money paid pursuant to the agreement is recoverable, and expenses may be offset against moneys paid

Read More:

http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_6924767_definition-commercial-contract.html 

http://www.gillhams.com/dictionary/439.cfm

Modern usage of the term intellectual property goes back at least as far as 1888 with the founding in Bern of the Swiss Federal Office for Intellectual Property (the Bureau fédéral de la propriété intellectuelle). When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they also located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property. The organisation subsequently relocated to Geneva in 1960, and was succeeded in 1967 with the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) by treaty as an agency of the United Nations .

The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist – notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. The Talmud contains the prohibitions against certain mental crimes (further elaborated in the Shulchan Aruch), notably Geneivat da'at  literally "mind theft"), which some have interpreted, as prohibiting theft of ideas, though the doctrine is principally concerned with fraud and deception, not property.

As it appears today, Intellectual Property refers to the intangible. In contrast to real property and personal property, it refers to what the minds of mankind have created, usually expressed or translated into a tangible form that is assigned certain rights of property. Examples of IP include musical, literary, and artistic works; inventions; software; and symbols, names, images, designs, business methods, and industrial processes used in commerce. Intellectual property laws include patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, which typically protect IP rights. Patents, copyrights, and trademarks are creations of statute, where the government recognizes and enforces the public expression of an original idea for a limited period of time.

Read more:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property

http://www.hg.org/intell.html

Justice Delayed Is Justice Denied (India)

Justice Delayed is Justice Denied:

This statment talks about the delay in justice becouse if there is no justice there will be no peace in the society,and if the justice is delayed there will be no value of  law and order amongst the individuals there is a long list of different incidents which took place two decades ago  and still those cases are pending in court for the final verdict,some of the most important cases are as follows:

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Fact File: Dec 3, 1984. Some 500,000 people are exposed to poisonous gases in the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India. Between 5000-8000 people died immediately and thousands over the years from long term illness. More than 100,00 remain chronically ill in Bhopal today. The water and soil of the area is still contaminated.

Babri Masjid Demolition

Fact File: Dec 6, 1992. A mosque in the city Ayodhya of Uttar Pradesh, India, is destroyed by a strong crowd of 150,000 people. The police stood a mute spectator! More than 2000 people die across India in the riots that follow.

The Justice Liberhan Commission set up by the Government of India to investigate the demolition, took 48 extensions and 17 years to submit its report. The report itself has nothing new to offer. What a waste of public money and time.

Godhra Massacre

Fact File: February, 27 2002. 58 Hindu passengers are burnt alive in a coach of Sabarmati Express in Godhra, Gujarat, by a alleged Muslim mob. In the resulting riots more than 1000 (by official estimates and 2000 by independent sources) people, mostly Muslims, are butchered. The violence is covered extensively by the Indian media.

The cases are still being probed. Only a handful of the large numbers of accused have been found guilty and punished.

No wonder there are some 30 million unresolved legal cases in India. The police-politician nexus has to be broken for the court to work freely. And until that happens the unresolved cases would only add up.

References
http://newszone4u.blogspot.com/2010/06/indian-judiciary-justice-delayed-is.html

International labour Organisation On Child Labour

International labour organisation:

According to International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates, there are some 250 million children between ages of 5 and 14 years who are in economic activity in developing countries. For 120 million of them work is a full-time activity.[1] ILO also mentioned some regulations such as- convention 138 and 182, on the topic of Child labour.[2]

ILO Convention 138, 1973

The International Labour Organization's (ILO) Minimum Age Convention sets a basic minimum age for employment of 15 years, and 14 for countries meeting the ILO's developing country exemptions. It prohibits hazardous work for young workers under the age of 18.

ILO Convention 182, 1999

This Convention calls for the Prohibition and Immediate Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, including forced or bonded labour, and hazardous, unhealthy and unsafe work.

[1] International Labour Organisation http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Press_releases/lang--en/WCMS_007784/index.htm accessed date 26 oct 2010

[2] Maquila  solidarity network  http://en.maquilasolidarity.org/node/661 accessed date 26 oct 2010

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Except adultery, consensual sex no offence, says Supreme Court Of India

NEW DELHI: Consensual  heterosexual relation between adults, including pre-marital sex, is no offence except in cases where the partners are liable to be charged for "adultery", ruled the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court attached a lot of importance to personal autonomy and a person indulging in an immoral act need not necessarily be a culprit in the eyes of law. "Morality and criminality are non co-extensive," said a Bench comprising Chief Justice K G Balakrishnan and Justices Deepak Verma and B S Chauhan on Wednesday. The SC said in the present social milieu, some view pre-marital sex as an attack on the centrality of marriage while a significant number see nothing wrong in it. This conflict of opinion on morality did not make pre-marital sex an offence, it ruled.

"Notions of social morality are inherently subjective and criminal law cannot be used as a means to unduly interfere with the domain of personal autonomy," it said. This clear finding and the judicial logic supporting it got substantial space in the apex court's judgment on Wednesday quashing 23 complaint cases against South Indian actress Khushboo, who was harassed through litigation for her remarks on prevalence of pre-marital sex in cities.Justice Chauhan  said, "While it is true that the mainstream view in our society is that sexual contact should take place only between marital partners, there is no statutory offence that takes place when adults willingly engage in sexual relations outside the marital setting, with the exception of `adultery' as defined under Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code."

"It is not the task of criminal law to punish individuals merely for expressing unpopular views. The threshold for placing reasonable restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression is indeed very high and there should be a presumption in favour of the accused in such cases," the Bench said.

Khushboo's remarks did provoke a controversy since the acceptance of pre-marital sex and live-in relationships was viewed by some as an attack on the centrality of marriage."While there can be no doubt that in India, marriage is an important social institution, we must also keep our minds open to the fact that there are certain individuals or groups who do not hold the same view. To be sure, there are some indigenous groups within our country wherein sexual relations outside marital setting are accepted as a normal occurrence," the Supreme Court said.



Read more: Except adultery, consensual sex no offence, says SC - The Times of India <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Except-adultery-consensual-sex-no-offence-says-SC/articleshow/5873672.cms#ixzz14hTC6XMH>

Restriction on Child Labour by Federal Government

Child labour law, enacted by the Federal Government, restricts when children can work and what jobs they can do. Teens hired for non agricultural employment (which is just about everything other than farm work) must be at least fourteen and during the school year, hours are limited to 3 hours a day and 18 hours a week on days when there's no school and in the summer, working hours increase to 8 hours a day and 40 hours a week. There are limits on when children can work, too - no later than 7 p.m. during the school year and no later than 9 p.m. between June 1 and Labour Day. Fourteen- and 15- year-olds may be employed in restaurants and quick-service establishments outside school hours in a variety of jobs for limited periods of time and under specified conditions. Sixteen- and 17-year-olds may be employed for unlimited hours in any occupation other than those declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labour. Once a youth reaches 18 years of age, he or she is no longer subject to the federal youth employment and child labour law provisions.[1]

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[1] About.com:job searching http://jobsearch.about.com/od/employmentlaw/a/childlaborlaw.htm accessed date 28 oct 2010

Is Fair Trade fair?

The Definition of Fair Trade given by one of the Fair Trade Foundation’s conference is “a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers – especially in the South.”[1]

            The Vision of Fair Trade Foundation is of a world in which justice and sustainable development are at the heart of trade structures and practices so that everyone, through their work, can maintain a decent and dignified livelihood and develop their full potential.[2]

            The Mission of Fair Trade Foundation is to work with businesses, community groups and individuals to improve the trading position of producer organizations in the South and to deliver sustainable livelihoods for farmers, workers and their communities.[3]

            Under the Definition, Vision and Mission of Fair Trade Foundation, it seems really fair for the small producer such as farmers, workers and their communities, who does not have the power to negotiate for the price. These people are the one who work really hard but get pay less, this demonstrated by two billion people working hard for less than $2 a day.[4]

            Fair Trade has set a minimum price for products, in which the price is more stable than market price. It has also added premium price on top of minimum price to invested in social, environmental and economic developmental projects. However, if the market price is higher than Fair Trade price, the market price will be deem a Fair Trade price, even so the premium price has to be add on top of market price too.

            For example:

Example 1. Market Price = $1, Fair Trade Price = $2

Then, Fair Trade price going to be $2 + premium

Example 2. Market Price = $3

Then, Fair Trade price going to be $3 + premium

Nevertheless, where Fair Trade can improve the conditions of some farmers, it will impose a high cost on others who may be even more deserving. To be eligible by Fair Trade, the farmers have to qualify with Fair Trade standards, not on the basis of need. Those who do not meet the standards may get worse, because if the prices in one part of the market are fixed, the prices in other parts of the market must fall by more.[5]

Fair Trade maybe regard as marketing ploy, some ethically people willingly to pay more for the Fair Trade product, believing that the overpaid money would help poor producer to improve their product’s quality and their living. It could highly increase the sale of products with Fair Trade’s mark, but it may harm many other products by stigmatizing other products as unfairly and exploitatively.[6] However, in the end only 10% of the premium paid for this type of products reaches the producer. The other 90% go to the retailers. It would be better off donating money to any charities organization, this way more amount of money could reach the producer.[7]

As far as it is concerned, Fair Trade does not aid economic development, it functions to keep the poor in their place and creates a barrier on their conditions and make them uncompetitive farmers on their land and holding back their development.[8] As an example it takes 500 people in Guatamala to fill a coffee container, which can be filled by 5 people and a mechanised harvester in Brazil.[9] However, if the container can by filled by 5 people, the other 495 people have to find a new job. These people are in the land of agriculture; it wouldn’t be easy for these people to find a new job. It could be better to let them be like this under the Fair Trade, or else these Fair Trade Organizations have to be able to provide a job for them.

As whole of the above facts, Fair Trade provides a better opportunity to producer by set up a minimum price and premium, but not all of them get this opportunity, it only for the producer who meets with Fair Trade’s Standards. Furthermore, it does not cover the labourers who works all day long in the field to gets a permanent job. It also leaves the producers to stay undeveloped, unable to get involve in world trade’s competition.

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[1] Fairtrade Foundation, ‘Fairtrade Supporter Conference 2010’ Fairtrade for first timers <http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get_involved/news_events_and_urgent_actions/supporter_conference_20_10.aspx> accessed date 14 Oct 2010.

[2] Fairtrade Foundation, ‘The Fairtrade Foundation’ <http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/what_is_fairtrade/fairtrade_foundation.aspx> accessed date 14 Oct 2010.

[3] See note 2 above.

[4] World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), ‘Charter of Fair Trade Principles’ <http://www.wfto.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1082&Itemid=12> accessed date 14 Oct 2010

[5] Marc Sidwell, ‘UNFAIR TRADE 2008’ <http://www.adamsmith.org/images/pdf/unfair_trade.pdf > accessed date 17 Oct 2010.

[6] Brink Lindsey, ‘GROUNDS FOR COMPLAINT?’ Adam Smith Institute, London 2004 accessed date 14 Oct 2010

[7] Marc Sidwell, ‘UNFAIR TRADE 2008’ <http://www.adamsmith.org/images/pdf/unfair_trade.pdf > accessed date 17 Oct 2010.

[8] Marc Sidwell, ‘UNFAIR TRADE 2008’ <http://www.adamsmith.org/images/pdf/unfair_trade.pdf > accessed date 17 Oct 2010.

[9] Andrew Chambers, ‘Not so fair trade’ <http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/dec/12/fair-trade-fairtrade-kitkat-farmers> accessed date 14 Oct 2010

KEY INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD LABOUR

KEY INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD LABOUR

INTRODUCTION

Baban Hasnat in his article International Trade and Child Labour[1] defines child labour as the means of exploiting under age children, forcing them to work legally with physical, mental or sexual harm or abuse. These exploiters strive on depriving children of their basic rights and this continues to fuel the child labour market. Child labour is a serious offence which is sadly very often remedied, and effects people around the world. In recent years, developed countries have taken initiatives to eliminate child labour worldwide by linking trade and prohibiting child labour.[2]

KEY REGULATIONS

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

The UN (United Nations) convention on the rights of the child in Article 1[3] declared a minimum age under the law applicable to the child and Article 32[4]  provides protection to the child from economic exploitation and from any kind of work which is harmful to the child and provides guidelines regarding minimum age for employment, condition of work and provides appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.[5]

International Labour Organisation

International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates there are about 250 million children between ages of 5 and 14 years, who are in economic activity in developing countries, 120 million of them are involved in full-time work.[6] For the protection of children and prevention of child labour ILO has laid down a few conventions, a couple of the most important are convention 138 and 182.

ILO Convention 138, 1973[7]

International Labour Organization's (ILO) Minimum Age Convention sets a basic minimum age for employment of 15 years, and 14 for countries meeting the ILO's developing country exemptions. It prohibits hazardous work for young workers under the age of 18.

ILO Convention 182, 1999[8]

This Convention calls for the Prohibition and Immediate Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, including forced or bonded labour, and hazardous, unhealthy and unsafe work.

UNICEF

UNICEF has estimated that about 158 million children between the ages of 5-14 are engaged in child labour - one in six children in the world. Millions of children are engaged in hazardous labour in unacceptable conditions, such as working in mines, working with chemicals and pesticides in agriculture or working with dangerous machinery. They are everywhere but invisible, toiling as domestic servants in homes, labouring behind the walls of workshops, hidden from view in plantations.[9]

• In Sub-Saharan Africa around one in three children are engaged in child labour, representing 69 million children.
• In South Asia, another 44 million are engaged in child labour.[10]

Children living in the poorest households and in rural areas are most likely to be engaged in child labour. Those burdened with household chores are overwhelmingly girls. Millions of girls who work as domestic servants are especially vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Labour often interferes with children’s education. Ensuring that all children go to school and that their education is of good quality are keys to preventing child labour.[11]

CHILD LABOUR IN PRACTICE

Child Labour is a global problem and exists not only in the under-developed countries but also in the western developed countries, in one form or another, like USA, UK amongst many others. But the worst effected countries are some of those mentioned below.

INDIA

Recently, on September 27, 2010, an article in Toronto Star Newspaper, criticised children working in the construction sites for the Commonwealth Games held in New Delhi, India. In order to complete the construction by the opening day, thousand of children were employed. Ajay, a four years old child and his eight years old brother worked on one of these sites alongside their family for over 13 hours a day, with a combined income of less than $5.50 a day, performing some of the most hazardous and unacceptable jobs.[12]

THAILAND

The survey conducted on foreign workers in Thailand on October 11, 2010, reported that there were some 600 workers working in the Thai seafood industry, out of these over 20 of them were child labourers. Most of these young workers were reported to be under the age of 15 and were working for 10 – 12 hours a day; this is a clear violation of the above conventions of which Thailand is a signatory.[13]

CONCLUSION

Child Labour is a serious problem which currently has no concrete solution and continues to worry people around the globe. Although efforts are being made to control child labour but this will not be possible if strong regulations are not enforced in practice. The above mentioned regulation although prohibit child labour but observing the examples of the countries above it seem unlikely that they are actually successful, even though all of these countries are signatories to convention child labour prohibition conventions. UNICEF, ILO and many other organisation and NGO’s have time and again reported an increase the number of child labourers around the globe.

Child Labour is a serious threat to the appropriate development of children around the globe. A permanent solution is required to ward off this evil. A solution can only be found if the problem is identified and properly addressed. There is a need to counter poverty, hunger, unemployment and illiteracy as they are the first steps towards ending child labour.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

JOURNAL ARTICLE AND REPORTS

Hasnat, Baban, ‘International Trade and Child Labour’ (1995) 29 Journal of Economic Issues 419 <http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-17246164/international-trade-and-child.html> accessed 30 Oct 2010

UNICEF, ‘Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse’, <http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html>accessed 1^st Nov 2010

NEWS

Rick Westhead, ‘Getting New Delhi Ready for Canada’s Commonwealth Games Team: Four-year-old Ajay’

<http://www.thestar.com/sports/commonwealthgames/article/866371--getting-new-delhi-ready-for-canada-s-commonwealth-games-team-four-year-old-ajay> accessed 22 Oct 2010.

MCOT, ‘The Survey of Foreign Labour’ <http://www.mcot.net/cfcustom/cache_page/113572.html> accessed 24 Oct 2010.

Brooke Lewis and Mom Kunthear, ‘Child labour arrests unlikely’ <http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2010102044171/National-news/child-labour-arrests-unlikely.html> accessed 24 Oct 2010

WIBSITES

Department for Children, School and Family

http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/strategy/strategyandgovernance/uncrc/unitednationsconventionontherightsofthechild/ accessed 30^th Oct 2010

Access My Library

http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-17246164/international-trade-and-child.html accessed 30th Oct 2010

Maquila Solidarity Network

http://en.maquilasolidarity.org/node/661 accessed 26th Oct 2010

UNICEF

http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html accessed 1st Nov 2010

International Labour Organisation

http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Press_releases/lang--en/WCMS_007784/index.htm accessed 26th Oct 2010

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[1] Hasnat, Baban, ‘International Trade and Child Labour’ (1995) 29 Journal of Economic Issues 419 http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-17246164/international-trade-and-child.html, accessed 30 Oct 2010

[2] Ibid

[3] Article 1 of the convention states that for the purposes of the present Convention, ‘a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier’.

[4] Under Article 32 states parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

(a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission to employment;

(b) Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;

(c) Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

[5] Office of the united nation high commissioner for human rights  <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm#art32> accessed 25 Oct 2010

[6] International Labour Organisation http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Press_releases/lang--en/WCMS_007784/index.htm accessed 26 Oct 2010

[7] Maquila  Solidarity Network, http://en.maquilasolidarity.org/node/661 accessed 26 Oct 2010

[8] Ibid

[9] UNICEF ,Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse <http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html >accessed 1^st Nov 2010

[10] Ibid

[11] Ibid

[12] Rick Westhead, ‘Getting New Delhi Ready for Canada’s Commonwealth Games Team: Four-year-old Ajay’ http://www.thestar.com/sports/commonwealthgames/article/866371--getting-new-delhi-ready-for-canada-s-commonwealth-games-team-four-year-old-ajay  accessed 22 Oct 2010.

[13] MCOT, ‘The Survey of Foreign Labour’ http://www.mcot.net/cfcustom/cache_page/113572.html accessed 24 Oct 2010.